Django Hordhac: Si Degdeg ah u Dhis Website-kaaga Koowaad

Django waa qaab-dhismeed Python ah oo wax ku ool ah oo awood leh, ku habboon in lagu dhiso codsiyo iyo website-yada adag. Qaab-dhismeedkan wuxuu isku daraa hawlo badan oo waxtar leh, taasoo ka dhigaysa horumariyeyaasha inay si degdeg ah u dhisaan codsiyo adag. Haddii aad tahay bilow ama aad leedahay khibrad, Django wuxuu ku siinayaa fursado badan. Maqaalkan, waxaan ku baran doonaa tillaabooyin gaar ah sida loo isticmaalo Django si aad u dhisto website-kaaga koowaad.

1. Diyaarinta Deegaanka

Ka hor inta aanad bilaabin, hubi in deegaankaaga horumarinta uu ku rakiban yahay Python iyo pip (qalabka maaraynta xirmooyinka Python). Django wuxuu u baahan yahay Python 3.6 iyo wixii ka sareeya.

Rakibida Python iyo pip

Waxaad ka soo dejisan kartaa Bogga Rasmiga ah ee Python oo ku rakib nooca ku habboon nidaamkaaga hawlgalka. Kadib rakibidda, isticmaal khadka amarka si aad u hubiso noocyada Python iyo pip:

python --version
pip --version

Rakibida Django

Rakibida Django adoo adeegsanaya pip aad bay u fududahay. Ku qor amarkan khadka amarka:

pip install django

Kadib marka la rakibo, hubi inaad ka heli karto nooca Django khadka amarka:

django-admin --version

2. Abuurista Mashruuca Django

Kadib marka la rakibo Django, waxaan bilaabi karnaa abuurista mashruuc cusub. Mashruucu waa qaab-dhismeedka aasaasiga ah ee Django, wuxuuna ka kooban yahay codsiyadaada iyo qaabeynta.

Abuurista Mashruuca

Meesha aad rabto inaad mashruuca ku abuurto, orod amarkan:

django-admin startproject myproject

Tani waxay abuuri doontaa directory cusub oo la yiraahdo myproject, oo ka kooban qaar ka mid ah faylasha iyo qaab-dhismeedka caadiga ah.

Qaab-dhismeedka Directory

Waxaad arki doontaa qaab-dhismeedkan:

myproject/
    manage.py
    myproject/
        __init__.py
        settings.py
        urls.py
        asgi.py
        wsgi.py

manage.py: Qalabka maamulka Django, oo loo isticmaalo maaraynta mashruuca.
settings.py: Faylka qaabeynta mashruuca, waxaad ku qaabeyn kartaa halkan database-ka, faylasha statics, iwm.
urls.py: Qaabeynta URL-yada mashruuca.
asgi.py iyo wsgi.py: Qaabeynta interfaces-ka marka la daabacayo.

3. Socodsiinta Server-ka Horumarinta

Meesha mashruuca, isticmaal amarkan si aad u bilowdo server-ka horumarinta Django:

python manage.py runserver

Haddii wax walba si sax ah u socdaan, waa inaad awood u yeelatid inaad ku aragto bogga soo dhawaynta Django adoo booqanaya http://127.0.0.1:8000/ browser-kaaga.

4. Abuurista Codsiga Koowaad

Mashruuca Django wuxuu ka koobnaan karaa codsiyo badan. Codsi kasta wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay hawlo gaar ah.

Abuurista Codsiga

Meesha myproject, orod amarkan si aad u abuurto codsi la yiraahdo myapp:

python manage.py startapp myapp

Tani waxay abuuri doontaa directory cusub oo myapp ah oo ku yaal directory-ga mashruucaaga, qaab-dhismeedkiisuna wuxuu la mid noqon doonaa:

myapp/
    migrations/
    __init__.py
    admin.py
    apps.py
    models.py
    tests.py
    views.py

Wax ka beddelka settings.py

Ku diiwaangeli codsigaaga settings.py. Raadi liiska INSTALLED_APPS, kuna dar 'myapp',:

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'myapp',
]

5. Abuur Muuqaal iyo Template

Django waxay isticmaashaa qaabka MVC, muuqaalka iyo template-ka ayaa is kaashanaya.

Abuur Muuqaal

Ku qeex muuqaal fudud myapp/views.py:

from django.http import HttpResponse

def home(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello, Django!")

Deji URL

Ku abuur feyl cusub oo la yiraahdo urls.py gudaha galka myapp, kuna hagaaji URL-yada:

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.home, name='home'),
]

Kadib ku dar URL-yada myapp gudaha urls.py mashruuca:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('myapp.urls')),
]

6. Booqo Boggaaga

Hadda, waxaad mar kale bilaabi kartaa server-ka horumarinta, booqo http://127.0.0.1:8000/. Waa inaad aragtaa farriinta "Hello, Django!".

7. Ku dar Taageero Database

Django waxay si caadi ah u isticmaashaa database-ka SQLite, laakiin sidoo kale waxay taageertaa MySQL, PostgreSQL iyo databases kale. Halkan waxaa ku yaal sida loo hagaajiyo SQLite.

Dejinta Database

Raadi qaybta DATABASES gudaha settings.py, qaabeynta caadiga ah waxay u egtahay sidan:

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': BASE_DIR / "db.sqlite3",
    }
}

Waxaad u beddeli kartaa database kale sida loo baahdo. Tusaale ahaan, isticmaal PostgreSQL:

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
        'NAME': 'yourdbname',
        'USER': 'yourusername',
        'PASSWORD': 'yourpassword',
        'HOST': 'localhost',
        'PORT': '5432',
    }
}

Hubi inaad rakibto darawalka database-ka ku habboon, tusaale ahaan PostgreSQL, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad rakibto psycopg2.

pip install psycopg2

8. Abuur Moodal iyo Migrate Database

Hadda, aan qeexno moodal fudud, oo aan u guurno database-ka.

Abuur Moodal

Ku dar koodhkan myapp/models.py, si aad u qeexdo moodal fudud:```python from django.db import models

class Item(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100) description = models.TextField()

def __str__(self):
    return self.name


### Abuurida Migrations

Fuli amarkan si aad u abuurto faylka migrations ee database-ka:

```bash
python manage.py makemigrations

Kadib, codso migrations-yadaas:

python manage.py migrate

9. Abuurida Interface-ka Maamulka

Django waxay leedahay interface maamul oo awood leh, taasoo kuu sahlaysa inaad maamusho xogtaada.

Abuurista Super User

Isticmaal amarkan si aad u abuurto akoonka maamulka:

python manage.py createsuperuser

Ku darida Model-ka Interface-ka Maamulka

Diiwaangeli model-kaaga gudaha myapp/admin.py:

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Item

admin.site.register(Item)

Hadda mar kale orod server-ka horumarinta, booqo http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin, isticmaal super user-ka la abuuray si aad u gasho, waxaad arki doontaa model-ka cusub ee la diiwaangeliyey.