Hagaha Bilowga ah ee Django: Si Degdeg ah u Dhis Codsigaaga Shabakadda ee Ugu Horreeya
2/19/2026
6 min read
# Hagaha Bilowga ah ee Django: Si Degdeg ah u Dhis Codsigaaga Shabakadda ee Ugu Horreeya
Django waa qaab-dhismeed sare oo Python Web ah, oo ujeeddadiisu tahay horumar degdeg ah iyo naqshad nadiif ah. Waxay raacdaa qaab dhismeedka Model-Template-View (MTV), waxayna dhiirrigelisaa dib-u-isticmaalka koodhka iyo qaybinta. Hagahan ayaa ku hagi doona tallaabo tallaabo abuurista codsi Django oo fudud, si aad si degdeg ah u bilowdo.
## 1. Dejinta Deegaanka
Marka hore, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad hubiso in Python lagu rakibay nidaamkaaga. Django waxay ku talinaysaa isticmaalka Python 3.6 ama ka sareeya.
### 1.1 Ku rakib Python
Haddii Python aan lagu rakibin nidaamkaaga, waxaad kala soo degsan kartaa oo aad ka rakibi kartaa [bogga rasmiga ah ee Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/).
### 1.2 Abuur Deegaan Virtual ah (Virtual Environment)
Si loo go'doomiyo ku tiirsanaanta u dhaxaysa mashaariicda kala duwan, waxaa si weyn lagula talinayaa in la isticmaalo deegaan virtual ah.
1. Fur terminal ama amar degdeg ah.
2. Abuur tusaha mashruuca, tusaale ahaan `myproject`:
```bash
mkdir myproject
cd myproject
```
3. Abuur oo dhaqaaji deegaanka virtual ah:
```bash
python3 -m venv venv # Ama python -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate # Linux/macOS
venv\Scripts\activate # Windows
```
Ka dib markaad dhaqaajiso deegaanka virtual ah, tilmaamahaaga terminalka ayaa tusi doona `(venv)`, taasoo muujinaysa inaad isticmaalayso deegaan virtual ah.
### 1.3 Ku rakib Django
Deegaanka virtual ah ee firfircoon, isticmaal pip si aad u rakibto Django:
```bash
pip install Django
```
Hubi in rakibiddu guulaysatay:
```bash
python -m django --version
```
Waa inaad awood u yeelatid inaad aragto lambarka nooca Django.
## 2. Abuur Mashruuc Django ah
Ka dib markaad rakibto Django, waxaad abuuri kartaa mashruuc Django cusub.
1. Weli tusaha mashruucaaga (`myproject`), socodsii amarka soo socda:
```bash
django-admin startproject mysite
```
Tani waxay ku abuuri doontaa tusaha `mysite` ee tusaha `myproject`, oo ay ku jiraan faylasha lafaha mashruuca Django.
2. Gal tusaha `mysite`:
```bash
cd mysite
```
3. Qaab dhismeedka tusaha mashruuca Django waa sida soo socota:
```
mysite/
manage.py
mysite/
__init__.py
settings.py
urls.py
asgi.py
wsgi.py
```
* `manage.py`: Qalabka khadka taliska, oo loo isticmaalo in lagu maareeyo mashruuca Django.
* `mysite/`: Waxaa ku jira xirmada Python ee qaabaynta mashruuca.
* `__init__.py`: Fayl madhan, oo u sheegaya Python in tusahan loo tixgeliyo xirmo Python ah.
* `settings.py`: Faylka qaabaynta mashruuca, sida dejinta xogta, habka dayactirka, iwm.
* `urls.py`: Qaabaynta dariiqa URL, oo khariidaynaya URL-yada shaqooyinka aragtida.
* `asgi.py`: Faylka qaabaynta ASGI (Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface), oo loo isticmaalo in lagu dhejiyo codsiyada aan isku mar ahayn.
* `wsgi.py`: Faylka qaabaynta WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface), oo loo isticmaalo in lagu dhejiyo codsiyada isku mar ah ee dhaqameed.## 3. Bilow Server-ka Horumarinta
Django waxa uu la socdaa server horumarineed oo fudud, kaas oo kuu sahlaya inaad si deegaan ah u horumariso oo aad u tijaabiso.
1. Galka `mysite` gudihiisa, ku socodsii amarka soo socda:
```bash
python manage.py runserver
```
2. Fur biraawsarkaaga, booqo `http://127.0.0.1:8000/`. Waa inaad aragtaa bogga leh "It worked! Congratulations on your first Django-powered page.".
## 4. Abuur Codsiga Django
Mashruuca Django waxa uu ka koobnaan karaa codsiyo badan. Aynu abuurno codsi la yiraahdo `myapp`.
1. Fur daaqad terminal cusub (ka ilaali server-ka horumarinta inuu socdo).
2. Galka `mysite` gudihiisa, ku socodsii amarka soo socda:
```bash
python manage.py startapp myapp
```
Tani waxay abuuri doontaa gal la yiraahdo `myapp` galka `mysite` gudihiisa, kaas oo ka kooban faylasha lafaha ee codsiga Django.
3. Qaab dhismeedka galka codsiga Django waa sida soo socota:
```
myapp/
__init__.py
admin.py
apps.py
migrations/
__init__.py
models.py
tests.py
views.py
```
* `__init__.py`: Fayl madhan, oo u sheegaya Python in galkan loo tixgeliyo xirmo Python ah.
* `admin.py`: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu habeeyo maamulka Django.
* `apps.py`: Habaynta codsiga.
* `migrations/`: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu maareeyo haajiraadda keydka macluumaadka.
* `models.py`: Qeexida moodooyinka xogta (miisaska keydka macluumaadka).
* `tests.py`: Qorista kiisaska tijaabada.
* `views.py`: Qeexida shaqooyinka aragtida, ka shaqeynta codsiyada iyo soo celinta jawaabaha.
4. Galka `mysite/settings.py` gudihiisa, ku dar `myapp` liiska `INSTALLED_APPS`:
```python
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'myapp', # Ku dar myapp
]
```
## 5. Abuur Aragtida Fudud
Hadda waxaan abuureynaa aragti fudud, oo ku soo bandhigaysa "Hello, Django!" biraawsarka.
1. Tafatir faylka `myapp/views.py`, ku dar koodhka soo socda:
```python
from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello, Django!")
```
2. Abuur fayl `myapp/urls.py`, oo khariidayso URL-ka shaqada aragtida:```python
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
]
```
3. Ku dar `myapp/urls.py` gudaha `mysite/urls.py`:
```python
from django.urls import include, path
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('myapp/', include('myapp.urls')), # Ku dar habaynta URL-ka ee myapp
]
```
4. Booqo `http://127.0.0.1:8000/myapp/`. Waa inaad aragtaa bogga "Hello, Django!".
## 6. Abuur Moodel
Aynu abuurno moodel fudud oo lagu kaydiyo xogta.
1. Tafatir faylka `myapp/models.py`, ku dar koodhka soo socda:
```python
from django.db import models
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
def __str__(self):
return self.question_text
```
Tani waxay qeexaysaa moodel la yiraahdo `Question`, oo ka kooban laba goobood: `question_text` (CharField) iyo `pub_date` (DateTimeField).
2. Abuur oo dabaq hijrada xogta:
```bash
python manage.py makemigrations myapp
python manage.py migrate
```
Amarka `makemigrations` wuxuu abuuraa faylasha hijrada iyadoo lagu salaynayo moodelkaaga, amarka `migrate` wuxuu dabaqaa hijrada xogta.
## 7. Isticmaal Maamulka Django
Django waxay bixisaa maamul awood leh, kaas oo si fudud u maamuli kara xogtaada.
1. Abuur isticmaale sare (superuser):
```bash
python manage.py createsuperuser
```
Raac tilmaamaha si aad u geliso magaca isticmaalaha, iimaylka, iyo erayga sirta ah.
2. Tafatir faylka `myapp/admin.py`, diiwaangeli moodelka `Question`:
```python
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Question
admin.site.register(Question)
```
3. Booqo `http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/`, isticmaal isticmaalaha sare ee aad abuurtay si aad u gasho. Waa inaad aragtaa qaybta "Questions", waxaad ku dari kartaa, wax ka beddeli kartaa, oo tirtiri kartaa su'aalaha.
## 8. Isticmaal Hab-dhismeedka (Templates)
Isticmaalka hab-dhismeedka ayaa ka dabacsanaan kara abuurista bogagga HTML.1. Galka `myapp` gudihiisa, ka samee galka la yiraahdo `templates`, galka `templates` gudihiisana ka samee galka la yiraahdo `myapp` ( `myapp/templates/myapp` ).
2. Galka `myapp/templates/myapp` gudihiisa, ka samee fayl la yiraahdo `index.html`, ku dar koodhka soo socda:
```html
Hello, Django!
The current time is: {{ current_time }} ``` 3. Tafatir faylka `myapp/views.py`, adigoo isticmaalaya template-ka: ```python from django.shortcuts import render import datetime def index(request): now = datetime.datetime.now() return render(request, 'myapp/index.html', {'current_time': now}) ``` `render` function-ka wuxuu soo rogayaa template-ka, wuxuuna xogta u gudbinayaa template-ka si loo habeeyo. 4. Mar kale booqo `http://127.0.0.1:8000/myapp/`. Waa inaad aragtaa bog ay ku jirto waqtiga hadda. ## 9. Gabagabo Tilmaamahan, waxaad ku baratay fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee Django iyo sida loo isticmaalo, oo ay ku jiraan dejinta deegaanka, abuurista mashruuc iyo codsi, qeexida moodelka, abuurista aragtida iyo isticmaalka template-ka. Tani waa bilow uun, Django wuxuu bixiyaa shaqooyin badan, waxaad sii wadi kartaa barashada iyo sahaminta, adigoo dhisa codsiyo Web oo aad u murugsan.Published in Technology
